A Data Codebooks
The following describes the contents of datasets available from the text websites, https://github.com/whittkilburn/inpolr and https://faculty.gvsu.edu/kilburnw/inpolr.
A.1 Fundamentals of US presidential elections
prez.csv
The file prez.csv contains annual observations for US presidential elections.
year Election year
incprez Name of incumbent president
vote Incumbent president share of the two-party vote percentage
approval Gallup Poll presidential approval for late June to July of election year
qgdprate GDP growth rate for the second quarter of each election year
incstatus An indicator (1) if the incumbent party has served two consecutive terms and (0) otherwise.
Sources: The American Presidency Project (Woolley and Peters 2024), US Bureau of Economic Analysis (2024b), Gallup (Gallup 2024).
A.2 Countries
covid_g7.csv
The file covid_g7.csv contains COVID-19 related daily observations on seven countries from 2020 to 2021.
iso_code and country Country identifier
date Date in year-month-day
total_cases COVID-19 cases by date
new_cases COVID-19 cases
cases_per_100K New COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people
cases_smoothed_per_100k Seven-day rolling average of case counts per 100,000 people
new_cases_smoothed Seven-day rolling average of case counts
total_deaths COVID-19 attributed deaths by date
new_deaths COVID-19 attributed deaths
new_deaths_smoothed Seven-day rolling average of COVID-19 attributed deaths
total_vaccinations Total COVID-19 vaccine doses administered by date.
people_vaccinated Total number of people receiving at least one vaccine dose by date
people_fully_vaccinated Total number of people receiving all prescribed vaccine doses by date.
new_vaccinations Vaccine doses administered
new_vaccinations_smoothed Seven-day rolling average of daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered
population Total country population
Source: Our World in Data (2020).
gdpfert.csv
The file gdpfert.csv contains country-level characteristics for the year 2010.
iso2c Country abbreviation
country Name of country
year Year 2010
NY.GDP.PCAP.KD Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2010 U.S. dollars
SP.DYN.TFRT.IN Average number of births per woman, 2010
SP.DYN.LE00.IN Life expectancy at birth in years
region World Bank region
longitude Geographic longitude centroid of country
latitude Geographic latitude centroid of country
income World Bank income group
gdp Gross domestic Product (GDP) per capita in 2010 U.S. dollars
fert Average number of births per woman 2010
Source: The World Bank (The World Bank 2024).
countries.csv
The file countries.csv contains various country-level characteristics for the year 2019 and COVID related measures for 2020.
country Name of country
lending World Bank lending status
iso2c, iso3c Two and three letter country code
region Continent of country
income World Bank country level income level
total_population Total population
gdp_constant GDP (constant 2015 USD)
gdp_growth GDP growth (annual percent)
gdp_constant_int_pp GDP, PPP (constant 2017 international USD)
gdp_pc_constant GDP per capita (constant 2015 USD)
gdp_pc_growth GDP per capita growth (annual percent)
gdp_pc_pp GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2017 USD)
fert_rate Fertility rate (average births per female)
life_expect_female Life expectancy at birth in 2019, females
life_expect Life expectancy at birth in 2019, total
life_expect_male Life expectancy at birth in 2019, males
ag_forest Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (percent of GDP)
schl_enroll School enrollment secondary (percent gross)
gdp_import Imports of goods and services (percent of GDP)
labor_fem Labor force, female (percent of total labor force)
fuel_exports Fuel exports (percent of merchandise exports)
net_migrate Net migration
fert_ado Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)
gdp_export Exports of goods and services (percent of GDP)
co2_per_gdp Carbon dioxide emissions (kg per 2010 USD of GDP)
co2_emit Carbon dioxide emissions (kt)
co2_per_cap Carbon dioxide emissions (metric tons per capita)
co2_pp_gdp Carbon dioxide emissions (kg per PPP USD of GDP)
gas_total Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of carbon dioxide equivalent)
pop_0_14 Population ages 0-14 (percent of total population)
pop_15_64 Population ages 15-64 (percent of total population)
pop_65_over Population ages 65 and above (percent of total population)
pop_dens Number of people divided by land area, in square kilometers
infant_mort Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)
women_par Percentage of women in the national parliament
Source: The World Bank (2024).
polyarchy Electoral democracy index
libdem Liberal democracy index
partipdem Participatory democracy index
delibdem Deliberative democracy index
egaldem Egalitarian democracy index
Source: Varieties of Democracy (Vdemorganization2022?).
total_cases Total COVID cases in 2020
total_deaths Total COVID deaths in 2020
total_vaccinations Total number of COVID-19 vaccination doses administered in 2020
Source: Our World in Data (Mathieu et al. 2020).
hdi Human Development Index value
life_expect_un Life expectancy at birth in years
expect_school Expected years of schooling in years
mean_school Mean years of schooling in years
gni_pc_2017ppp Gross National Income Per Capita (2017 PPP USD)
gender_ineq Gender Inequality Index value
matern_mort Maternal Mortality Ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births)
ado_birth Adolescent Birth Rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)
pop_sec_f Population with at least some secondary education, female (percent ages 25 and older)
pop_sec_m Population with at least some secondary education, male (percent ages 25 and older)
labor_par_f Labor force participation rate, female (percent ages 15 and older)
labor_par_m Labor force participation rate, male (percent ages 15 and older)
plant_adj_hdi Planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index value
co2_per_capita Carbon dioxide emissions per capita in tonnes
mat_foot Material footprint per capita in tonnes
ineq_ad_hdi Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index value
ineq_life Inequality in life expectancy
ineq_educ Inequality in education
ineq_inc Inequality in income
Source: United Nations Development Programme (United Nations Development Programme 2022).
countries_tsxs.csv
The file countries_tsxs.csv consists of annual observations from 2000 to 2019 on countries around the world, as a subset of the variables in countries.csv. The dataset is structured in wide format, with approximately 4,500 country-year observations and 46 columns.
hdi_2021.csv
The file hdi_2021.csv contains observations on the Human Development Index and components for countries around the world, measured in 2021 (United Nations Development Programme 2022).
Country Country name
hdi Human Development Index value
life_expect Average life expectancy at birth
expect_school Expected number of years of schooling for a school entrance age child
mean_school Average number of years of education for people ages 25 and older
gni_pc Gross national income per capita
A.3 US States and counties
The file us_states.csv consists of observations on 50 States plus the District of Columbia on the following measures.
state Name of US State
trump_votes_2020, biden_votes_2020, other_votes_2020, Vote totals for each candidate or all others combined, separate columns for 2016, 2012, and 2008.
Source: Federal Election Commission (Federal Election Commission 2025)
cases_2020 COVID-19 total cases for 2020
cases_jan_2020 to cases_oct_2021 Cumulative COVID-19 case counts by month
vax_dec_2020 to vax_oct_2021 Cumulative vaccination counts per month (all ages)
deaths_jan_2020 to deaths_oct_2021 Cumulative COVID-19 attributed deaths by month
deaths_pc_jun_2020 Per capita (10,000 people) COVID-19 deaths by June 2020
Source: The New York Times (2021).
stay_begin and stay_end Date of beginning and end of COVID-19 stay at home order
shutdown_date_range Date length of State COVID-19 stay at home order
shutdown_length Length of State COVID-19 stay at home order in numeric number of days
Source: Ballotopedia.org (2024).
population_density Persons per square mile by census tract, 2020 decennial census
total_population_2010 State population from 2010 decennial US Census, US Census Bureau
total_population_est_2019 Estimated population in 2019, 1-year estimate, US Census Bureau
census_fips_code Numeric code for State
pop Total population, 5-year American Community Survey (ACS) 2018 estimate
white_pop black_pop native_pop asian_pop latino_pop, First mention ACS estimate
median_income ACS 2018 median household income
gini ACS 2018 Gini coefficient of inequality
Source: US Census Bureau (2018).
bachelors_pop Persons 25 years or older with a bachelor’s degree
q1_gdp_2020 to q4_gdp_2020 Quarterly percentage change in GDP from the previous quarter.
pc_income_2020 State per capita income in 2020
oct_2020_unemployed Proportion of population unemployed in October 2020
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 2024a).
drug_alc_deaths_2019 Number of deaths attributed to drug or alcohol overdose in 2019.
expectancy Average life expectancy at birth.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2024).
state_social_liberalism_policy Index of social policy liberalism 2014, higher scores more liberal
state_econ_liberalism_policy Index of economic policy liberalism 2014, higher scores more liberal
mass_social_liberalism_policy Index of mass social liberalism 2014, higher scores more liberal
mass_econ_liberalism_policy Index of mass economic liberalism 2014, higher scores more liberal
Source: (Caughey2018?).
percent_women_legislature Percent of women in the State legislature
Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, & Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (Center for American Women and Politics 2021).
vehicle_fatality_2019 to vehicle_fatality_2021 Human fatalities involving motor vehicle crashes
Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (Stewart 2022)
Michigan County level presidential votes, 2012 and 2016
The file michigan12_16.csv contains Michigan County level presidential votes for election years 2012 and 2016.
fips Within Michigan FIPS code for County
Id2 FIPS code with Michigan (2600) identifier plus County FIPS
geography County name
county County name
clinton_vote Votes for Hillary Clinton in 2016
other2016_vote Votes for all other presidentialcandidates in 2016
trump_vote Votes for Donald Trump in 2016
trump_percent Percentage votes for Trump
clinton_percent Percentage votes for Clinton
total_votes Total votes cast in 2016
vote_contrib Contribution of vote to the total vote count
dem_index Index of County electoral importance to Democratic party in 2016 (calculated from Gimpel and Schuknecht (2004))
rep_index Index of County electoral importance to Republican party (Gimpel and Schuknecht (2004))
obama_vote Votes for Barack Obama in 2012
other2012_vote Votes for all other presidential candidates in 2012
romney_vote Votes for Mitt Romney in 2012
romney_percent Percentage votes for Romney
obama_percent Percentage votes for Obama
total_votes2012 Total votes cast for president in 2012
dem_index2012 Index of County electoral importance to Democratic party in 2012 (calculated from Gimpel and Schuknecht (2004))
rep_index2012 Index of County electoral importance to Republican party in 2012 (Gimpel and Schuknecht (2004))
The file 2016GEN_MI_CENR_BY_COUNTY.xls contains elections results for all races appearing on the ballot in 2016 in Michigan.
Source: Michigan Department of State (Michigan Secretary of State 2024).
A.4 Political geography
The file Michigan_State_Senate_Districts_2011_plan.geojson describes the geography of Michigan Senate districts for the 2011 apportionment plan.
The file Counties__v17a.shp describes the geography of Michigan counties.
Source: Michigan Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Open Data Portal (2024).
The file ZAF_ADM4.geojson describes South African administrative boundaries.
Source: Goodman et al. (2019).
The file Crime_Incidents_in_2024.geojson describes the geography of crime reported in Washington, DC, from January to September 2024.
Source: DC Open Data Portal (District of Columbia Government 2024).
A.5 Votes and ideology in the United States Congress
The file co_na_h_votes_117_wide.csv records in wide format the roll call votes for Representatives from Colorado to the U.S. House in the 117th U.S. Congress.
The file s_memb_votes_117_wide.csv records in wide format the roll call votes for the entire U.S. Senate in the 117th U.S. Congress.
name Last name, party caucus and State identifier.
1 to 996 Yea (1) or Nay (0) on roll call vote.
The file co_117_euc_distances.csv contains a matrix of pairwise Euclidean distances on roll call votes for Representatives from Colorado.
The files 86_house_dw.csv and house_memb_117.csv record for each representative (voting and non-voting) to the 86th and 117th US Congresses, respectively.
chamber “House” for the House of Representatives
icpsr Numeric identifier for each Representative
district_code Number of district within State
state_abbrev Two letter State abbreviation
party_code Name of party affiliation
bioname Full name of Representative
born Year born
nominate_dim1 NOMINATE dimension 1 score
nominate_dim2 NOMINATE dimension 2 score
age Age in years
Source: Voteview.com (Lewis et al. 2023).
A.6 Text of
The file federalist.zip contains individual 85 text (.txt) documents. Each document is the full text of each essay, given the number and identified author from the Unitd States Library of Congress.
Source: U.S. Library of Congress (Library of Congress 2024).
A.8 2020 American National Election Studies
The R Workspace anes 2020 survey data.rdata is a subset of the 2020 ANES survey (American National Election Studies 2021), an election poll of U.S. citizens 18 years of age or older by the November 2020 election date. The dataset is saved within the Workspace as a dataframe anes_20. (Load the data with load(file="anes 2020 survey data.rdata")).
In the following list of variables, pre refers to survey questions administered in the fall 2020 pre-election survey, while post refers to the winter 2020 post-election survey. Pre-election interviews occurred between August 18 to election day November 3; post-election interviews occurred between November 8 until January 4, 2021. For most variables, missing responses due to non-completion of the survey or (in very few cases) technical errors have been recoded to a missing value of NA; for some questions, survey responses originally coded “Refused” or “Don’t know” remain as in the original dataset from the ANES. Otherwise, responses appear solely on the intended measurement scale for each question. Some variables with an x at the end of the name include the responses for a two-part question. For example, variable V201126x on approval of the U.S. Congress is the response scale combined from two separate questions, “Do you approve or disapprove of the way the U.S. Congress has been handling its job?” and then “Do you [approve/disapprove] strongly or not strongly?”. In the variable label, [respondent] refers to the person answering the question, the survey respondent.
Variable list
version Version of ANES 2020 Time Series Release
V200001 2020 Case ID
V200015b Post‐election weight
V200015c Variance unit
V200015d Variance stratum
V201005 pre: How often does [respondent] pay attention to politics and elections
V201006 pre: How interested in following campaigns
V201020 pre: Did [respondent] vote in a Presidential primary or caucus
V201033 pre: For whom does [respondent] intend to vote for President
V201100 pre: How likely is it that [respondent] will vote in November
V201115 pre: How hopeful [respondent] feels about how things are going in the country
V201116 pre: How afraid [respondent] feels about how things are going in the country
V201118 pre: How angry [respondent] feels about how things are going in the country
V201119 pre: How happy [respondent] feels about how things are going in the country
V201126x pre: Approval of Congress handling its job
V201129x pre: Approve or disapprove President handling job
V201151 pre: Feeling Thermometer: Joe Biden, Democratic Presidential candidate
V201152 pre: Feeling Thermometer: Donald Trump, Republican Presidential candidate
V201153 pre: Feeling Thermometer: Kamala Harris, Democratic Vice‐Presidential candidate
V201154 pre: Feeling Thermometer: Mike Pence, Republican Vice‐Presidential candidate
V201200 pre: 7pt scale liberal‐conservative self‐placement
V201225x pre: Voting as duty or choice
V201228 pre: Party ID: Does [respondent] think of self as Democrat, Republican, or Independent
V201231x pre: Party ID [respondent] 7-point scale
V201232 pre: Party identity importance
V201234 pre: Government run by a few big interests or for benefit of all
V201235 pre: Does government waste much tax money
V201236 pre: How many in government are corrupt
V201237 pre: How often can people be trusted
V201240 pre: Which party better: handling health care
V201241 pre: Which party better: handling immigration
V201244 pre: Which party better: handling COVID‐19
V201246 pre: 7pt scale spending & services: self‐placement
V201249 pre: 7pt scale defense spending: self‐placement
V201247 pre: 7pt scale spending & services: Democratic Presidential candidate
V201248 pre: 7pt scale spending & services: Republican Presidential candidate
V201250 pre: 7pt scale defense spending: Democratic Presidential candidate
V201251 pre: 7pt scale defense spending: Republican Presidential candidate
V201305x pre: Federal Budget Spending: public schools
V201308x pre: Federal Budget Spending: Tightening border security
V201327x pre: National economy better or worse in last year
V201330x pre: Economy better or worse in next 12 months
V201336 pre: Abortion self‐placement
V201345x pre: [respondent] favor/oppose death penalty
V201346 pre: During last year, US position in world weaker or stronger
V201349x pre: Country would be better off if we just stayed home
V201350 pre: Force to solve international problems
V201351 pre: Votes counted accurately
V201352 pre: Trust election officials
V201353 pre: How often people denied right to vote
V201356x pre: Favor/oppose vote by mail
V201359x pre: Favor/oppose requiring ID when voting
V201362x pre: Favor/oppose allowing felons to vote
V201372x pre: Helpful/harmful if Pres didn’t have to worry about congress/courts
V201375x pre: Favor or oppose restricting journalist access
V201377 pre: How much trust in news media
V201411x pre: Transgender policy
V201414x pre: Favor/oppose laws protect gays lesbians against job discrimination
V201415 pre: Should gay and lesbian couples be allowed to adopt
V201416 pre: [respondent] position on gay marriage
V201423x pre: Should children brought illegally be sent back or allowed to stay
V201426x pre: Favor or oppose building a wall on border with Mexico
V201433 pre: Is religion important part of [respondent] life
V201434 pre: Is Bible word of God or men
V201452 pre: Ever attend church or religious services
V201453 pre: Attend religious services how often
V201456 pre: Does Christian [respondent] consider self born again
V201458x pre: [respondent] Major group religion
relig_trad pre: reduced set of major group religion categories, from V201458x
secular pre: [respondent] identity as Agnostic or Atheist
attend pre: Religious service attendance
V201502 pre: [respondent] how much better or worse off financially than 1 year ago
V201507x pre: [respondent] age
V201508 pre: Marital status
V201511x pre: [respondent] 5 Category level of education
V201549x pre: [respondent] self‐identified race/ethnicity
V201600 pre: What is [respondent] sex
V201628 pre: How many guns owned
V201645 pre: On which program does Federal government spend the least
V201646 pre: Party with most members in House before election
V201647 pre: Party with most members in Senate before election
V202471 post: [respondent] has family/neighbors/coworkers/friends who are gay, lesbian or bisexual
V202013 post: [respondent] attend online political meetings, rallies, speeches, fundraisers
V202014 post: [respondent] go to any political meetings, rallies, speeches, dinners
V202015 post: [respondent] wear campaign button or post sign or bumper sticker
V202016 post: [respondent] do any (other) work for party or candidate
V202017 post: [respondent] contribute money to individual candidate running for public office
V202019 post: [respondent] contribute money to political party during this election year
V202021 post: [respondent] contribute to any other group that supported or opposed candidates
V202022 post: [respondent] ever discuss politics with family or friends
V202023 post: How many days in past week discussed politics with family or friends
V202066 post: Did [respondent] vote in November 2020 election
V202072 post: Did [respondent] vote for President
V202073 post: For whom did [respondent] vote for President
V202143 post: Feeling thermometer: Democratic presidential candidate: Joe Biden
V202144 post: Feeling thermometer: Republican presidential candidate: Donald Trump
V202156 post: Feeling thermometer: Democratic Vice Presidential candidate: Kamala Harris
V202157 post: Feeling thermometer: Republican Vice Presidential candidate: Mike Pence
V202158 post: Feeling thermometer: Dr. Anthony Fauci
V202159 post: Feeling thermometer: Christian fundamentalists
V202160 post: Feeling thermometer: feminists
V202161 post: Feeling thermometer: liberals
V202162 post: Feeling thermometer: labor unions
V202163 post: Feeling thermometer: big business
V202164 post: Feeling thermometer: conservatives
V202165 post: Feeling thermometer: U.S. Supreme Court
V202166 post: Feeling thermometer: gay men and lesbians
V202167 post: Feeling thermometer: congress
V202168 post: Feeling thermometer: Muslims
V202169 post: Feeling thermometer: Christians
V202170 post: Feeling thermometer: Jews
V202171 post: Feeling thermometer: police
V202172 post: Feeling thermometer: transgender people
V202173 post: Feeling thermometer: scientists
V202174 post: Feeling thermometer: Black Lives Matter
V202175 post: Feeling thermometer: journalists
V202176 post: Feeling thermometer: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
V202177 post: Feeling thermometer: United Nations (UN)
V202178 post: Feeling thermometer: National Rifle Association (NRA)
V202179 post: Feeling thermometer: socialists
V202180 post: Feeling thermometer: capitalists
V202181 post: Feeling thermometer: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
V202182 post: Feeling thermometer: Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency
V202183 post: Feeling thermometer: MeToo movement
V202184 post: Feeling thermometer: rural Americans
V202185 post: Feeling thermometer: Planned Parenthood
V202186 post: Feeling thermometer: World Health Organization (WHO)
V202187 post: Feeling thermometer: Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
V202225 post: Limits on campaign spending
V202231x post: Favor/oppose new limits on imports
V202232 post: What should immigration levels be
V202233 post: How likely immigration will take away jobs
V202236x post: Favor/oppose allowing refugees to come to US
V202239x post: Effect of illegal immigration on crime rate
V202242x post: Favor/oppose providing path to citizenship
V202245x post: Favor/oppose returning unauthorize immigrants to native country
V202248x post: Favor/oppose separating children of detained immigrants
V202259x post: Favor/oppose government trying to reduce income inequality
V202260 post: Society should make sure everyone has equal opportunity
V202261 post: We’d be better off if worried less about equality
V202262 post: Not a big problem if some have more chance in life
V202263 post: If people were treated more fairly we would have fewer problems
V202264 post: The world is changing and we should adjust view of moral behavior
V202265 post: Fewer problems if there was more emphasis on traditional family values
egal_index post: Additive index of V202261 to V202265
V202266 post: Which child trait more important: independence or respect
V202267 post: Which child trait more important: curiosity or good manners
V202268 post: Which child trait more important: obedience or self‐reliance
V202269 post: Which child trait more important: considerate or well‐behaved
auth_index post: Authoritarianism index, average of V202266 to V202269
V202286x post: Easier/harder for working mother to bond with child
V202290x post: Better/worse if man works and woman takes care of home
V202291 post: Do women demanding equality seek special favors
V202292 post: Do women complaining about discrimination cause more problems
sexism_index post: Modern sexism index, average of V202286x to V202292
V202300 post: Agree/disagree: blacks should work their way up without special favors
V202301 post: Agree/disagree: past slavery and discrimination make it difficult for blacks
V202302 post: Agree/disagree: blacks have gotten less than they deserve
V202303 post: Agree/disagree: if blacks tried harder they’d be as well off as whites
V202304 post: Our political system only works for insiders with money and power
V202305 post: Because of rich and powerful it’s difficult for the rest to get ahead
V202308x post: Trust ordinary people/experts for public policy
V202309 post: How much do people need help from experts to understand science
V202310 post: How important should science be for decisions about COVID‐19
V202311 post: Business and politics controlled by few powerful people
V202312 post: Much of what people hear in schools and media are lies by those in power
V202313 post: Post-materialism most important 1A
V202314 post: Post-materialism next most important 1B
V202315 post: Post-materialism most important 2A
V202316 post: Post-materialism next most important 2B
V202325 post: Favor or oppose tax on millionaires
V202331x post: Favor or oppose requiring vaccines in schools
V202236x post: Favor or oppose allowing refugees to come to US
V202337 post: Should federal government make it more difficult or easier to buy a gun
V202341x post: Favor or oppose background checks for gun purchases
V202344x post: Favor or oppose banning ‘assault‐style’ rifles
V202347x post: Favor or oppose government buy back of ‘assault‐style’ rifles
V202351 post: How often do police officers use more force than necessary
V202355 post: Does [respondent] currently live in a rural or urban area
V202361x post: Favor or oppose free trade agreements
V202367x post: International trade increased/decreased jobs in US
V202373x post: Increasing diversity made US better/worse place to live
V202376x post: Favor or oppose federal program giving citizens $12K/year
V202377 post: Should the minimum wage be raised, kept the same, or lowered
V202383x post: Health benefits of vaccinations outweigh risks
V202387x post: Attention to sexual harrassment as gone too far/not far enough
V202390x post: Favor/oppose transender people serve in military
V202456 post: During past 12 months, [respondent] or any family members stopped by police
V202457 post: Have you ever been arrested, or has that never happened to you?
V202468x post: Summary: total family income
V202562 post: Life experience: does [respondent] currently owe money on student loans
V202475 post: Does [respondent] consider themself a feminist or anti‐feminist
V202541a post: Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ Facebook
V202541b post: Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ Twitter
V202541c post: Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ Instagram
V202541d post: Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ Reddit
V202541e post: Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ YouTube
V202541f post: Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ SnapChat
V202541g post: Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ TikTok
V202559 post: Evidence that hydroxychloroquine is effective treatment for COVID‐19 or not
V202410 post: Attitudes about elites: politicians do not care about people
V202411 post: Attitudes about elites: most politicians are trustworthy
V202412 post: Attitudes about elites: politicians are main problem in US
V202413 post: Attitudes about elites: strong leader in government is good
V202414 post: Attitudes about elites: people should make policy decisions
Question wording
version to V200015d data and sampling meta variables
V201005 “How often do you pay attention to what’s going on in government and politics?” 1. Always 2. Most of the time 3. About half the time 4. Some of the time 5. Never
V201006 “Some people don’t pay much attention to political campaigns. How about you? Would you say that you have been very much interested, somewhat interested or not much interested in the political campaigns so far this year?” 1. Very much interested 2. Somewhat interested 3. Not much interested
V201020 “Did you vote in a Presidential primary election or caucus this year?” 1. Yes, voted in primary or caucus 2. No, didn’t vote in primary or caucus
V201033 “Who do you think you will vote for? [Joe Biden, Donald Trump/Donald Trump, Joe Biden], Jo Jorgensen, Howie Hawkins, or someone else?” 1. Joe Biden 2. Donald Trump 3. Jo Jorgensen 4. Howie Hawkins 5. Other candidate
pre_vote_choice simplified categories of vote choice from V201033
V201100 “How likely is it that you will vote in the general election this November?” 1. Extremely likely 2. Very likely 3. Moderately likely 4. Slightly likely 5. Not likely at all
V201115 “The next few questions are about how you feel about how things are going in the country these days.How hopeful do you feel about how things are going in the country these days?” 1. Not at all 2. A little 3. Somewhat 4. Very 5. Extremely
V201116 “How afraid do you feel about how things are going in the country?” Response scale V201115
V201118 “How angry do you feel about how things are going in the country?” Response scale V201115
V201119 “How happy do you feel about how things are going in the country?” For responses see V201115
V201126x “Do you approve or disapprove of the way the U.S. Congress has been handling its job? Do you [approve/disapprove] strongly or not strongly?” 1. Approve strongly 2. Approve not strongly 3. Disapprove not strongly 4. Disapprove strongly
V201129x “Do you approve or disapprove of the way Donald Trump is handling his job as President? Do you [approve/disapprove] strongly or not strongly?” Response scale V201126x
V201151 “I’d like to get your feelings toward some of our political leaders and other people who are in the news these days. I’ll read the name of a person and I’d like you to rate that person using something we call the feeling thermometer. Ratings between 50 degrees and 100 degrees mean that you feel favorable and warm toward the person. Ratings between 0 degrees and 50 degrees mean that you don’t feel favorable toward the person and that you don’t care too much for that person. You would rate the person at the 50 degree mark if you don’t feel particularly warm or cold toward the person. If we come to a person whose name you don’t recognize, you don’t need to rate that person. Just tell me and we’ll move on to the next one.” “How would you rate: Joe Biden”
V201152 “How would you rate: Donald Trump”
V201153 “How would you rate: Kamala Harris”
V201154 “How would you rate: Mike Pence”
V201200 “We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. Here is a seven-point scale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative.[Scale shown to respondents.] Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven’t you thought much about this?” 1. Extremely liberal 2. Liberal 3. Slightly liberal 4. Moderate; middle of the road 5. Slightly conservative 6. Conservative 7. Extremely conservative 99. Haven’t thought much about this
V201225x “Different people feel differently about voting. For some, voting is a choice - they feel free to vote or not to vote, depending on how they feel about the candidates and parties. For others voting is a duty - they feel they should vote in every election no matter how they feel about the candidates and parties. For you personally, is voting mainly a choice, mainly a duty, or neither a choice nor a duty?” 1. Very strongly a duty 2. Moderately strongly a duty 3. A little strongly a duty 4. Neither a duty nor a choice 5. A little strongly a choice 6. Moderately strongly a choice 7. Very strongly a choice
V201228 “Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as Democrat, a Republican, an independent, or what?” 1. Democrat 2. Republican 3. Independent 5. Other party {SPECIFY}
V201231x “…Would you call yourself a strong [Democrat / Republican] or a not very strong [Democrat / Republican]? Do you think of yourself as closer to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party?” 1. Strong Democrat 2. Not very strong Democrat 3. Independent-Democrat 4. Independent 5. Independent-Republican 6. Not very strong Republican 7. Strong Republican
V201232 “How important is being [a Democrat/a Republican/an Independent] to your identity?” 1. Extremely important 2. Very important 3. Moderately important 4. A little important 5. Not at all important
V201234 “Would you say the government is pretty much run by a few big interests looking out for themselves or that it is run for the benefit of all the people?” 1. Run by a few big interests 2. For the benefit of all the people
V201235 “Do you think that people in government waste a lot of the moneywe pay in taxes, waste some of it, or don’t waste very much of it?” 1. Waste a lot 2. Waste some 3. Don’t waste very much
V201236 “How many of the people running the government are corrupt?” 1. All 2. Most 3. About half 4. A few 5. None
V201237 “Generally speaking, how often can you trust other people?” 1. Always 2. Most of the time 3. About half the time 4. Some of the time 5. Never
V201240 “Which party do you think would do a better job of handling health care?” 1. Democrats would do a much better job 2. Democrats would do a somewhat better job 3. Not much difference between them 4. Republicans would do a somewhat better job 5. Republicans would do a much better job
V201241 “Which party do you think would do a better job of handling immigration?” Response scale V201240
V201244 “Which party do you think would do a better job of handling the COVID-19 pandemic?” Response scale V201240
V201246 “Some people think the government should provide fewer services even in areas such as health and education in order to reduce spending. Suppose these people are at one end of a scale, at point 1. Other people feel it is important for the government to provide many more services even if it means an increase in spending. Suppose these people are at the other end, at point 7. And, of course, some other people have opinions somewhere in between, at points 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven’t you thought much about this?” 1. Government should provide many fewer services 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Government should provide many more services
V201247 “Where would you place Joe Biden on this issue?” Response scale in V201246
V201248 “Where would you place Donald Trump on this issue?” Response scale in V201246
V201249 “Some people believe that we should spend much less money for defense. Suppose these people are at one end of a scale, at point 1. Others feel that defense spending should be greatly increased. Suppose these people are at the other end, at point 7. And, of course, some other people have opinions somewhere in between, at points 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven’t you thought much about this?” 1. Greatly decrease defense spending 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Greatly increase defense spending
V201250 “Where would you place Joe Biden on this issue?” Response scale in V201250
V201251 “Where would you place Donald Trump on this issue?” Response scale in V201250
V201305x “Next I am going to read you a list of federal programs. For each one, I would like you to tell me whether you would like to see spending increased, decreased, or kept the same….What about public schools? Should federal spending on public schools be increased, decreased, or kept the same?” 1. Increased a lot 2. Increased a little 3. Kept the same 4. Decreased a little 5. Decreased a lot
V201308x “What about tightening border security to prevent illegal immigration?Should federal spending on tightening border security to prevent illegal immigration be increased, decreased, or kept the same?” Response scale V201305x
V201327x “Now thinking about the economy in the country as a whole, would you say that over the past year the nation’s economy has gotten better, stayed about the same, or gotten worse?” 1. Gotten much better 2. Gotten somewhat better 3. Stayed about the same 4. Gotten somewhat worse 5. Gotten much worse
V201330x “What about the next 12 months? Do you expect the economy, in the country as a whole, to get better, stay about the same, or get worse?” Response scale in V201330x
V201336 “There has been some discussion about abortion during recent years. Which one of the opinions on this page best agrees with your view? You can just tell me the number of the opinion you choose.” 1. “By law, abortion should never be permitted.” 2. “The law should permit abortion only in case of rape, incest, or when the woman’s life is in danger.” 3. “The law should permit abortion other than for rape/incest/danger to woman but only after need clearly established.” 4. “By law, a woman should always be able to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice.”
V201345x “Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder? Do you [favor / oppose] the death penalty for persons convicted of murder strongly or not strongly?” 1. Favor strongly 2. Favor not strongly 3. Oppose not strongly 4. Oppose strongly
V201346 “Turning to some questions about America’s role in the world: During the past year, would you say that the United States’ position in the world has grown weaker, stayed about the same, or has it grown stronger?” 1. Weaker 2. Stayed about the same 3. Stronger
V201349x “Do you agree or disagree with this statement: ‘This country would be better off if we just stayed home and did not concern ourselves with problems in other parts of the world.’ Do you [agree / disagree] strongly or [agree / disagree] somewhat with this statement?” 1. Agree strongly 2. Agree somewhat 3. Disagree somewhat 4. Disagree strongly
V201350 “How willing should the United States be to use military force to solve international problems?” 1. Extremely willing 2. Very willing 3. Moderately willing 4. A little willing 5. Not at all willing
V201351 “In the November 2020 general election, how accurately do you think the votes will be counted?” 1. Not at all accurately 2. A little accurately 3. Moderately accurately 4. Very accurately 5. Completely accurately
V201352 “How much do you trust the officials who oversee elections where you live?” 1. Not at all 2. A little 3. A moderate amount 4. A lot 5. A great deal
V201353 “How often are people who are eligible to vote denied the right to vote?” 1. Never 2. Rarely 3. Occasionally 4. Fairly often 5. Very often
V201356x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose conducting all elections by mail, instead of people voting in-person? Do you [favor / oppose] that a great deal, moderately, or a little?” 1. Favor a great deal 2. Favor moderately 3. Favor a little 4. Neither favor nor oppose 5. Oppose a little 6. Oppose moderately 7. Oppose a great deal
V201359x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose requiring all people to show a government issued photo ID when they vote?” Response scale V201356x
V201362x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose allowing convicted felons to vote once they complete their sentence?” Response scale V201356x
V201372x “Would it be helpful, harmful, or neither helpful nor harmful if U.S. presidents could work on the country’s problems without paying attention to what Congress and the courts say? How [helpful / harmful]?” 1. Extremely helpful 2. Moderately helpful 3. A little helpful 4. Neither helpful nor harmful 5. A little harmful 6. Moderately harmful 7. Extremely harmful
V201375x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose elected officials restricting journalists’ access to information about government decision-making? Do you [favor / oppose] that a great deal, moderately, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V201377 “In general, how much trust and confidence do you have in the news media when it comes to reporting the news fully, accurately, and fairly?” 1. None 2. A little 3. A moderate amount 4. A lot 5. A great deal
V201411x “Should transgender people - that is, people who identify themselves as the sex or gender different from the one they were born as - have to use the bathrooms of the gender they were born as, or should they be allowed to use the bathrooms of their identified gender? How strongly do you feel that way?” 1. Feels very strongly transgender people should use bathroom of birth gender 2. Feels moderately strongly… 3. Feels a little strongly… 4. Feels a little strongly transgender people be allowed to use bathroom of identified gender 5. Feels moderately strongly… 6. Feels very strongly transgender people be allowed to use bathroom of identified gender
V201414x “Do you favor or oppose laws to protect gays and lesbians against job discrimination? Do you [favor / oppose] such laws strongly or not strongly?” 1. Favor strongly 2. Favor not strongly 3. Oppose not strongly 4. Oppose strongly
V201415 “Do you think gay or lesbian couples should be legally permitted to adopt children?” 1. Yes 2. No
V201416 “Which comes closest to your view? You can just tell me the number of your choice.” 1. “Gay and lesbian couples should be allowed to legally marry.” 2. “Gay and lesbian couples should be allowed to form civil unions but not legally marry.” 3. “There should be no legal recognition of gay or lesbian couples’ relationship.”
V201423x “What should happen to immigrants who were brought to the U.S. illegally as children and have lived here for at least 10 years and graduated high school here? Should they be sent back where they came from, or should they be allowed to live and work in the United States?…Do you favor that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” 1. Favors a great deal they should be sent back 2. Favors a moderate amount they should be sent back 3. Favors a little they should be sent back 4. Favors a little they should be allowed to live and work in US 5. Favors a moderate amount they should be allowed to live and work in US 6. Favors a great deal they should be allowed to live and work in US
V201426x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose building a wall on the U.S. border with Mexico? Do you [favor / oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V201433 “How important is religion in your life?” 1. Extremely important 2. Very important 3. Moderately important 4. A little important 5. Not important at all
V201434 “Which of these statements comes closest to describing your feelings about the Bible? You can just give me the number of your choice.” 1. “The Bible is the actual word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word.” 2. “The Bible is the word of God but not everything in it should be taken literally, word for word.” 3. “The Bible is a book written by men and is not the word of God.”
V201452 “Lots of things come up that keep people from attending religious services even if they want to. Thinking about your life these days, do you ever attend religious services, apart from occasional weddings, baptisms or funerals?” 1. Yes 2. No
V201453 “Do you go to religious services every week, almost every week, once or twice a month, a few times a year, or never?” 1. Every week 2. Almost every week 3. Once or twice a month 4. A few times a year 5. Never
V201456 “Would you call yourself a born-again Christian, that is, have you personally had a conversion experience related to Jesus Christ?” 1. Yes 2. No
V201458x Major group religion 1. Mainline Protestant 2. Evangelical Protestant 3. Black Protestant 4. Undifferentiated Protestant 5. Roman Catholic 6. Other Christian 7. Jewish 8. Other religion 9. Not religious
relig_trad reduced categories of religious traditions (from V201458x) 1. Mainline Protestant 2. Evangelical Protestant 3. Other Christian 4. Roman Catholic 5. Jewish 6. Other religion 7. Not religious
secular Whether an individual reported religious identification as “Atheist” or “Secular” in variables V201435 or V201436 0. Not Secular 1. Secular
attend Religious service attendance, from V201452 and V201453 1. Never 2. few times a year, month 3. almost every week 4. every week
V201502 “We are interested in how people are getting along financially thesedays. Would you say that [you / you and your family living here] are much better off financially, somewhat better off, about the same, somewhat worse off, or much worse off than you were a year ago?” 1. Much better off 2. Somewhat better off 3. About the same 4. Somewhat worse off 5. Much worse off
V201507x Respondent age in years
V201508 “Are you now married, widowed, divorced, separated or never married?” 1. Married: spouse present 3. Widowed 4. Divorced 5. Separated 6. Never married
V201511x “What is the highest level of school you have completed or the highest degree you have received?” 1. Less than high school credential 2. High school credential 3. Some post-high school, no bachelor’s degree 4. Bachelor’s degree 5. Graduate degree
V201549x “I am going to read you a list of five race categories. You may choose one or more races. For this survey, Hispanic origin is not a race. Are you White; Black or African American; American Indian or Alaska Native; Asian; or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander?” 1. White, non-Hispanic 2. Black, non-Hispanic 3. Hispanic 4. Asian or Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic alone 5. Native American/Alaska Native or other race, non-Hispanic alone 6. Multiple races, non-Hispanic
V201600 “What is your sex?” 1. Male 2. Female
V201628 “How many guns do you or anyone else living here own? Type the number.”
V201645 “On which of the following does the U.S. federal government currently spend the least?” 1. Foreign aid 2. Medicare 3. National defense 4. Social Security
V201646 “Do you happen to know which party currently has the most members in the U.S. House of Representatives in Washington?” 1. Democrats 2. Republicans
V201647 “Do you happen to know which party currently has the most members in the U.S. Senate?” 1. Democrats 2. Republicans
V202471 “Among your immediate family members, relatives, neighbors, co-workers, or close friends, are any of them gay, lesbian, or bisexual as far as you know?” 1. Yes 2. No
V202013 “Did you participate in any online political meetings, rallies, speeches, fundraisers, or things like that in support of a particular candidate?” (for V202013 through V202022 response scale 1. Yes 2. No )
V202014 “Did you go to any political meetings, rallies, speeches, dinners, or things like that in support of a particular candidate?”
V202015 “Did you wear a campaign button, put a campaign sticker on your car, or place a sign in your window or in front of your house?”
V202016 “Did you do any other work for one of the parties or candidates?”
V202017 “During an election year people are often asked to make a contribution to support campaigns. Did you give money to an individual candidate running for public office?”
V202019 “Did you give money to a political party during this election year?”
V202021 “Did you give any money to any other group that supported or opposed candidates?”
V202022 “Do you ever discuss politics with your family or friends?”
V202023 “How many days in the past week did you talk about politics with family or friends?” 0. Zero days 1. One day 2. Two days 3. Three days 4. Four days 5. Five days 6. Six days 7. Seven days
V202066 “In talking to people about elections, we often find that a lot of peoplewere not able to vote because they weren’t registered, they were sick, or they just didn’t have time. Which of the following statements best describes you:” 1. “I did not vote in the election this November.” 2. “I thought about voting this time, but didn’t.” 3. “I usually vote, but didn’t this time.” 4. “I am sure I voted.”
V202072 “How about the election for President? Did you vote for a candidate for President?” 1. Yes, voted for President 2. No, didn’t vote for President
V202073 “Who did you vote for? [Joe Biden, Donald Trump/Donald Trump, Joe Biden], Jo Jorgensen, Howie Hawkins, or someone else?” 1. Joe Biden 2. Donald Trump 3. Jo Jorgensen 4. Howie Hawkins 5. Other candidate
post_vote_choice categories of vote choice from V202073 1. Joe Biden 2. Donald Trump 3. Other
V202143 “I’d like to get your feelings toward some of our political leaders and other people who are in the news these days.I’ll read the name of a person and I’d like you to rate that person using something we call the feeling thermometer. Ratings between 50 degrees and 100 degrees mean that you feel favorable and warm toward the person. Ratings between 0 degrees and 50 degrees mean that you don’t feel favorable toward the person and that you don’t care too much for that person. You would rate the person at the 50 degree mark if you don’t feel particularly warm or cold toward the person. If we come to a person whose name you don’t recognize, youdon’t need to rate that person. Just tell me and we’ll move on to the next one. On the feeling thermometer scale from 0 to 100, how would you rate Joe Biden?” [All feeling thermometers are recorded as numeric scores 0 to 100.]
V202144 “How would you rate: Donald Trump”
V202156 “How would you rate: Kamala Harris”
V202157 “How would you rate: Mike Pence”
V202158 “How would you rate: Dr. Anthony Fauci”
V202159 “Still using the feeling thermometer scale from 0 to 100, how would you rate the following groups:” “How would you rate: Christian Fundamentalists”
V202160 “How would you rate: Feminists”
V202161 “How would you rate: Liberals”
V202162 “How would you rate: Labor unions”
V202163 “How would you rate: Big business”
V202164 “How would you rate: Conservatives”
V202165 “How would you rate: The U.S. Supreme Court”
V202166 “How would you rate: Gay men and lesbians”
V202167 “How would you rate: Congress”
V202168 “How would you rate: Muslims”
V202169 “How would you rate: Christians”
V202170 “How would you rate: Jews”
V202171 “How would you rate: Police”
V202172 “How would you rate: Transgender people”
V202173 “How would you rate: Scientists”
V202174 “How would you rate: Black Lives Matter movement”
V202175 “How would you rate: Journalists”
V202176 “How would you rate: NATO”
V202177 “How would you rate: The United Nations (UN)”
V202178 “How would you rate: The National Rifle Association (NRA)”
V202179 “How would you rate: Socialists”
V202180 “How would you rate: Capitalists”
V202181 “How would you rate: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)”
V202182 “How would you rate: The Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency”
V202183 “How would you rate: The #MeToo movement”
V202184 “How would you rate: Rural Americans”
V202185 “How would you rate: Planned Parenthood”
V202186 “How would you rate: The World Health Organization (WHO)”
V202187 “How would you rate: The Centers for Disease Control (CDC)”
V202225 “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose placing limits on political campaign spending?” 1. Favor 2. Oppose 3. Neither favor nor oppose
V202231x “Some people have suggested placing new limits on foreign imports in order to protect American jobs. Others say that such limits would raise consumer prices and hurt American exports. Do you favor or oppose placing new limits on imports? Do you [favor/oppose] placing new limits on imports strongly or not strongly?” Response scale V201356x
V202232 “Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot?” 1. Increased a lot 2. Increased a little 3. Left the same as it is now 4. Decreased a little 5. Decreased a lot
V202233 “Now I’d like to ask you about immigration in recent years. How likely is it that recent immigration levels will take jobs away from people already here – extremely likely, very likely, somewhat likely, or not at all likely?” 1. Extremely likely 2. Very likely 3. Somewhat likely 4. Not at all likely
V202236x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose allowing refugees who are fleeing war, persecution, or natural disasters in other countries to come to live in the U.S.? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V202239x “Does illegal immigration increase, decrease, or have no effect on the crime rate in the U.S.? Does it [increase/decrease] the crime rate a lot, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V202232
V202242x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose providing a path to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants who obey the law, pay a fine, and pass security checks? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V202245x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose returning all unauthorized immigrants to their native countries? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V202232
V202248x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose separating the children of detained immigrants, rather than keeping them with their parents in adult detention centers? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V202232
V202259x “Next, do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose the government trying to reduce the difference in incomes between the richest and poorest households? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V202232
V202260 “I am going to read several more statements. After each one, I would like you to tell me how strongly you agree or disagree. The first statement is:‘Our society should do whatever is necessary to make sure that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed.’ Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with this statement?” 1. Agree strongly 2. Agree somewhat 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Disagree somewhat 5. Disagree strongly
V202261 ‘This country would be better off if we worried less about how equal people are.’ Response scale V202260
V202262 ‘It is not really that big a problem if some people have more of a chance in life than others.’ Response scale V202260
V202263 ‘If people were treated more equally in this country we would have many fewer problems.’ Response scale V202260
V202264 ‘The world is always changing and we should adjust our view of moral behavior to those changes.’ Response scale V202260
V202265 ‘This country would have many fewer problems if there were more emphasis on traditional family ties.’ Response scale V202260
egal_index post: additive index of V202261 to V202265
V202266 “On another topic. Although there are a number of qualities that people feel that children should have, every person thinks that some are more important than others. I am going to read you pairs of desirable qualities.Please tell me which one you think is more important for a child to have: Independence or respect for elders” 1. Independence 2. Respect for elders 3. Both
V202267 “Which one is more important for a child to have: Curiosity or good manners” 1. Curiosity 2. Good manners 3. Both
V202268 “Which one is more important for a child to have: Obedience or self-reliance” 1. Obedience 2. Self-reliance 3. Both
V202269 “Which one is more important for a child to have: Being considerate or well behaved” 1. Being considerate 2. Well behaved 3. Both
auth_index post: additive index of V202266 to V202269
V202286x “Do you think it is easier, harder, or neither easier nor harder for mothers who work outside the home to establish a warm and secure relationship with their children than it is for mothers who stay at home? Is it a great deal easier, somewhat easier, or slightly easier for mothers who work outside the home to establish a warm and secure relationship with their children? Is it a great deal harder, somewhat harder, or slightly harder for mothers who work outside the home to establish a warm and secure relationship with their children?” 1. A great deal easier 2. Somewhat easier 3. Slightly easier 4. Neither easier nor harder 5. Slightly harder 6. Somewhat harder 7. A great deal harder
V202290x “Do you think it is better, worse, or makes no difference for the family as a whole if the man works outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family? Is it much better, somewhat better, or slightly better? Is it much worse, somewhat worse, or slightly worse?” 1. Much better 2. Somewhat better 3. Slightly better 4. Makes no difference 5. Slightly worse 6. Somewhat worse 7. Much worse
V202291 “When women demand equality these days, how often are they actually seeking special favors?” 1. Always 2. Most of the time 3. About half the time 4. Some of the time 5. Never
V202292 “When women complain about discrimination, how often do they cause more problems than they solve?” Response scale V202291
sexism_index post: additive index of V202286x to V202292
V202300 “‘Irish, Italian, Jewish and many other minorities overcame prejudice and worked their way up. Blacks should do the same without any special favors.’ Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree,disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with this statement?” Response scale V202260
V202301 “‘Generations of slavery and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for blacks to work their way out of the lower class.’ Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with this statement?” Response scale V202260
V202302 “‘Over the past few years, blacks have gotten less than they deserve.’ Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with this statement?” Response scale V202260
V202303 “‘It’s really a matter of some people not trying hard enough; if blacks would only try harder they could be just as well off as whites.’ Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with this statement?”Response scale V202260
V202304 “How well does the following statement describe your view? ‘Our political system only works for the insiders with money and power.’”1. Not at all well 2. Not very well 3. Somewhat well 4. Very well 5. Extremely well
V202305 “How well does the following statement describe your view? ‘Because of the rich and powerful, it becomes difficult for the rest of us to get ahead.’” Response scale V202304
V202308x “When it comes to public policy decisions, whom do you tend to trust more: ordinary people, experts, or trust both the same?Do you trust [ordinary people/experts] much more or somewhat more?” 1. Trust ordinary people much more 2. Trust ordinary people somewhat more 3. Trust both the same 4. Trust experts somewhat more 5. Trust experts much more
V202309 “How much do ordinary people need the help of experts to understand complicated things like science and health?” 1. Not at all 2. A little 3. A moderate amount 4. A lot 5. A great deal
V202310 “In general, how important should science be for making government decisions about COVID-19?” 1. Not at all important 2. A little important 3. Moderately important 4. Very important 5. Extremely important
V202311 “How well does the following statement describe your view? Most business and politics in this country are secretly controlled by the same few powerful people.” Response scale V202304
V202312 “How well does the following statement describe your view?”Much of what people hear in schools and the media are lies designed to keep people from learning the real truth about those in power.” Response scale V202304
V202313 “Which of these do you consider to be the most important? You can just tell me the number of the option you choose.” 1. A high level of economic growth 2. Making sure this country has strong defense forces 3. Seeing that people have more say about how things are done at their jobs/in their communities 4. Trying to make our cities and countryside more beautiful
V202314 “And which would be the next most important? You can just tell me the number ofthe option you choose.” Response scale V202313
V202315 “Here is another list. Which one of these do you consider most important? You can just tell me the number of the option you choose.” 1. Maintaining order in the nation 2. Giving people more say in important government decisions 3. Fighting rising prices 4. Protecting freedom of speech
V202316 “And which would be the next most important? You can just tell me the number of the option you choose.” Response scale V202315
V202325 “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose increasing incometaxes on people making over one million dollars per year?” 1. Favor 2. Oppose 3. Neither favor nor oppose
V202331x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose requiring children to be vaccinated in order to attend public schools? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V202236x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose allowing refugees who are fleeing war, persecution, or natural disasters in other countries to come to live in the U.S.? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V202337 “Do you think the federal government should make it more difficult for people to buy a gun than it is now, make it easier for people to buy a gun, or keep these rules about the same as they are now?” 1. More difficult 2. Easier 3. Keep these rules about the same
V202341x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose requiring background checks for gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V202344x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose banning the sale of semi-automatic “assault-style” rifles? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V202347x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose a mandatory program where the government would buy back semi-automatic assault-style rifles from citizens who currently own them? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V202351 “How often do you think police officers use more force than is necessary?” 1. Never 2. Rarely 3. About half the time 4. Most of the time 5. All the time
V202355 “Do you currently live in a rural area, small town, suburb, or a city?” 1. Rural area 2. Small town 3. Suburb 4. City
V202361x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose the U.S. making free tradeagreements with other countries? How strongly do you [favor/oppose] it?” Response scale V201356x
V202367x “Has international trade increased, decreased, or neither increased nor decreased the number of jobs available in the United States?Has it [increased/decreased] the number of jobs in the U.S. a lot or somewhat?” 1. Increased a lot 2. Increased somewhat 3. Neiter increased nor decreased 4. Decreased somewhat 5. Increased a lot
V202373x “Does the increasing number of people of many different races and ethnic groups in the United States make this country a better place to live, a worse place to live, or does it make no difference?Does it make it a lot [better/worse] or a little [better/worse]?” 1. A lot better 2. A little better 3. Makes no difference 4. A little worse 5. A lot worse
V202376x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose establishing a federal program that gives all citizens $12,000 per year, provided they meet certain conditions? This program would be paid for with higher taxes. Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V202377 “Should the federal minimum wage be raised, kept the same, lowered but not eliminated, or eliminated altogether?” 1. Raised 2. Kept the same 3. Lowered 4. Eliminated
V202383x “Now for questions on different topics. Do the health benefits of vaccinations generally outweigh the risks, do the risks outweigh the benefits, or is there no difference? Are the [health benefits/risks] of vaccinations much greater, moderately greater, or slightly greater?” 1. Health benefits much greater than risks 2. Health benefits moderately greater than risks 3. Health benefits slightly greater than risks 4. No difference 5. Risks slightly greather than health benefits 6. Risks moderately greater than health benefits 7. Risks much greater than health benefits
V202387x “Do you think attention to sexual harassment has gone too far, has not gone far enough, or has been about right? [Has it gone much too far or a little too far?] [Has it not gone nearly far enough or not gone quite far enough?]” 1. Has gone much too far 2. Has gone a little too far 3. Has been about right 4. Has not gone quite far enough 5. Has not gone nearly far enough
V202390x “Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose allowing transgender people to serve in the United States Armed Forces? Do you [favor/oppose] that a great deal, a moderate amount, or a little?” Response scale V201356x
V202410 “Please tell me whether you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with each of the following statements: Most politicians do not care about the people. Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly?” 1. Agree strongly 2. Agree somewhat 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Disagree somewhat 5. Disagree strongly
V202411 “‘Most politicians are trustworthy.’” Response scale V202410
V202412 “‘Politicians are the main problem in the United States.’” Response scale V202410
V202413 “‘Having a strong leader in government is good for the United States even if the leader bends the rules to get things done.’” Response scale V202410
V202414 “‘The people, and not politicians, should make our most important policy decisions.’” Response scale V202410
V202456 “During the past 12 months, were you or any of your family members stopped or questioned by a police officer, or did this not happen in the past 12 months?” 1. Was stopped or questioned in the past 12 months 2. Was not stopped or questioned in the past 12 months
V202457 “Have you ever been arrested, or has that never happened to you?” 1. Have been arrested 2. Never arrested
V202468x “The next question is about [the total combined income of all members of your family / your total income during the past 12 months. This includes money from jobs, net income from business, farm or rent, pensions, dividends, interest, Social Security payments and any other money income received by members of your family who are 15 years of age or older. What was the total income of your family during the past 12 months?”
V202475 “Do you consider yourself a feminist, an anti-feminist, or neither of these?” 1. Feminist 2. Anti-feminist 3. Neither
V202541a Which social media platforms have you visited in the past year? Please tell me any that apply. (V202541a through V202541g 0. Not mentioned 1. Mentioned)
V202541b Which social media platforms [respondent] visited - Twitter
V202541c Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ Instagram
V202541d Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ Reddit
V202541e Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ YouTube
V202541f Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ SnapChat
V202541g Which social media platforms [respondent] visited ‐ TikTok
V202559 “Which of these two statements do you think is most likely to be true?” 1. Scientific evidence that hydroxychloroquine is a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19 2. No scientific evidence that hydroxychloroquine is a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19
V202562 “Do you currently owe money on student loans, or not?” 1. Yes 2. No
A.7 Comments on Title IX regulatory interpretation
The file reg_comments_sampled.csv contains random sampled comments (n=1000) on a proposed rule affecting Title IX enforcement.
id Identification key
city Location of submitter
state Location of submitter
name First name of submitter
date Date comment submitted
comment Full text of the submitted comment
Source: The Federal Register (U.S. Department of Education 2023).